I bet you all agree that the sound from microphones is important when it comes to live shows. But the first question raised in our mind is which microphone is the right one? It can be difficult to pick when you consider how many microphone types there are on the market. You have dynamic microphones, condenser microphones, ribbon microphones, and even headset microphones. When you consider all these microphone types, it’s no wonder that choosing the right one can be a real headache. How do you know what kind of microphone to use, what to look for, and how to make the best choice?
When selecting a microphone for stage use, understanding sensitivity is key to achieving the right sound balance for your specific environment. Sensitivity refers to how effectively a microphone converts sound into an electrical signal – in other words, how much signal it generates in response to sound.
In noisy environments, such as large venues or outdoor stages with a lot of ambient noise, a high-sensitivity microphone might be more suitable. High-sensitivity microphones generate stronger signals even from quieter sources, which helps the microphone capture details clearly amidst the background noise. This extra “boost” can help ensure the performer’s voice or instrument cuts through other sounds in the environment.
In quieter settings, on the other hand, a low-sensitivity microphone may be more appropriate. Low-sensitivity mics are designed to handle quieter, more controlled spaces, where picking up only the direct source is important and where external noise levels are minimal. They’re less likely to capture unintended sounds or background noise, which enhances clarity in a quiet room. In studio or small indoor venues, a low-sensitivity mic helps isolate the performer’s sound from subtle ambient noises, creating a more intimate and precise audio experience.
Key points:
- Understand Microphone Types: Choosing the right microphone starts with understanding the characteristics of dynamic, condenser, and ribbon mics.
- Assess Performance Spaces: Consider the size, acoustics, and noise levels of your venue to select the most appropriate mic type and model.
- Check Microphone Specifications: Pay attention to polar patterns, frequency response, and sensitivity to match the mic to your specific needs.
- Compare Wired and Wireless Options: Decide based on the level of mobility required and the venue’s technical setup.
When it comes to live performances, knowing the different microphone types is essential. Each type has distinct features that influence how sound is captured and transmitted. The three main types are:
1.1 Dynamic Microphones
Dynamic microphones are a staple in live performances. Their design is simple but robust, consisting of a diaphragm attached to a coil of wire that moves within a magnetic field. This design offers several key benefits:
- Durability: Dynamic mics are built to withstand rough handling and harsh environments. They can take drops, knocks, and high humidity without compromising sound quality.
- High SPL Handling: These microphones excel in handling high sound pressure levels (SPL), which makes them ideal for capturing loud sources like guitar amps, drums, and powerful vocalists.
- Less Sensitivity to Background Noise: Dynamic mics are less sensitive to quiet, distant sounds, which is a big advantage on noisy stages. They focus on the sound directly in front of the mic, reducing the risk of picking up unwanted noise.
Best For: Rock, pop, metal, and any high-energy live performance. Popular models include the Shure SM58, a go-to choice for vocalists, and the Sennheiser e609 for amplifiers.
1.2 Condenser Microphones
Condenser microphones are known for their clarity and precision, making them a popular choice for studio recording. They use a thin diaphragm and a backplate that act as a capacitor, requiring an external power source known as phantom power (48V). Here’s why you might choose a condenser mic:
- Wide Frequency Response: Condenser mics capture a broader range of frequencies, making them great for reproducing the subtle nuances of a vocalist’s voice or an acoustic guitar.
- High Sensitivity: Their design allows them to pick up even the faintest sounds, making them excellent for capturing detailed audio in controlled environments.
- Clear and Crisp Sound: These mics are favored for their ability to reproduce natural sound with high fidelity.
Best For: Acoustic performances, classical music, and studio recordings. Popular choices include the Audio-Technica AT2020 for vocals and the Rode NT1-A for instruments.
1.3 Ribbon Microphones
Ribbon microphones are less common on stage but beloved by audiophiles for their unique, warm, and natural sound. They use a thin, lightweight ribbon of metal suspended between magnets, which moves in response to sound waves.
- Smooth Frequency Response: Ribbon mics are known for their smooth and balanced sound profile, often described as vintage or warm. They can capture the intricate details of an instrument’s timbre.
- Figure-Eight Polar Pattern: Most ribbon mics have a bidirectional (figure-eight) polar pattern, picking up sound equally from the front and back while rejecting sound from the sides.
- Delicate Construction: Ribbon mics are more fragile than dynamic or condenser mics, so they require careful handling and aren’t usually recommended for loud sources or outdoor use.
Best For: Studio recordings, capturing acoustic instruments, and vocal performances where a vintage tone is desired. Consider models like the Royer R-121 for its rich sound quality.
2. Assessing Performance Spaces
The type of microphone you choose also depends heavily on the performance space. Different venues present unique challenges that can affect sound quality, and selecting the right mic can help overcome these challenges.
2.1 Indoor Venues
Indoor venues can vary greatly, from small clubs and bars to large concert halls. Here are some key factors to consider:
- Acoustics: The shape of the room, ceiling height, and wall materials can all influence acoustics. Rooms with hard surfaces (like concrete walls) can create a lot of reverberation, making it harder to achieve a clear sound. In such cases, a directional microphone like a cardioid dynamic mic can help minimize ambient noise and feedback.
- Stage Size: Smaller stages often mean closer proximity between sound sources. Using mics with a tighter pickup pattern (e.g., supercardioid) can help isolate the sound source and reduce bleed from other instruments.
- Feedback Control: In indoor venues, feedback can be a major issue. Using a mic with good off-axis rejection (like a hypercardioid or cardioid dynamic mic) and proper placement techniques can help reduce the risk of feedback.
Example: In a small club with lots of ambient noise, a Shure SM58 dynamic mic would be an ideal choice for vocals because of its directional pickup pattern and feedback resistance.
2.2 Outdoor Stages
Outdoor performances bring a different set of challenges, primarily due to wind noise, ambient noise, and the absence of natural sound barriers like walls.
- Wind Noise Reduction: Using a dynamic microphone with a windscreen or foam cover can help reduce wind noise. Look for models specifically designed for outdoor use, as they often have additional protection.
- Ambient Noise: Without walls, outdoor stages can be affected by noise from the crowd, weather, or nearby events. Choosing a mic with a tighter polar pattern (like a super-cardioid) can help focus on the performer’s voice and reject background noise.
- Durability: Outdoor mics need to withstand potential exposure to elements like moisture, dust, and varying temperatures. Opt for rugged, weather-resistant models.
Example: For outdoor events, a Sennheiser e835 dynamic mic is a solid choice due to its robust build and tight pickup pattern that helps minimize ambient noise.
3. Considering Microphone Specifications
Understanding microphone specifications can help you choose a model that meets the specific needs of your performance.
3.1 Polar Patterns
The polar pattern of a microphone determines how it picks up sound from different directions:
- Cardioid: Most sensitive to sound from the front and rejects sound from the sides and rear. Ideal for live vocals and for reducing stage noise.
- Supercardioid and Hypercardioid: Even tighter pickup patterns, offering greater isolation but requiring more precise positioning.
- Omnidirectional: Picks up sound equally from all directions. Best used in controlled environments or for capturing ambient sound.
- Bidirectional (Figure Eight): Captures sound from the front and back while rejecting the sides. Great for interviews or stereo recordings.
3.2 Frequency Response
The frequency response indicates the range of frequencies a microphone can capture. Different applications require different frequency responses:
- Vocals: Look for a mic that emphasizes the midrange frequencies (around 1-5 kHz) for clarity and presence.
- Instruments: Consider the frequency characteristics of the instrument. For instance, a mic with a boosted high-end can capture the bright tones of a cymbal or acoustic guitar.
3.3 Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a microphone measures how effectively it converts sound into an electrical signal. Higher sensitivity mics are better for quiet, detailed sources but may not be ideal in loud, noisy environments due to the increased risk of feedback. Ultimately, the choice depends on the specific needs of the performer and the environment in which they will be performing.
Comparing Wired and Wireless Microphone
When choosing a stage microphone, one of the key decisions you’ll need to make is whether to go with a wired or wireless microphone. Each option has its own set of advantages and trade-offs, and your choice will depend on factors like performance style, venue setup, and budget. Let’s break down the pros and cons of each to help you decide which is the best fit for your needs.
- Wired Microphones
Wired microphones are the traditional choice for many live performances and recording sessions. They connect directly to the audio system using a cable, which offers several distinct benefits:
Advantages:
Reliability: Wired microphones are known for their consistent performance. Since they connect directly via a cable, there’s no risk of signal interference or dropouts, which can sometimes be an issue with wireless systems.
No Battery Required: With wired mics, you don’t have to worry about battery life. This is especially useful for long performances, as it eliminates the risk of the mic dying in the middle of a set.
Better Sound Quality (Generally): Wired mics tend to offer slightly better sound quality compared to wireless mics in the same price range. The direct connection often results in a clearer, more accurate sound.
Cost-Effective: Typically, wired microphones are less expensive than their wireless counterparts. They also don’t require additional equipment like transmitters or receivers, making them a budget-friendly option.
Disadvantages:
Limited Mobility: The biggest downside to wired microphones is the restriction on movement. Performers are physically tethered to the mic cable, which can be limiting, especially for energetic singers or musicians who like to move around the stage.
Cable Management Issues: Dealing with cables can be a hassle. They can get tangled, create a cluttered stage, and pose a tripping hazard if not properly managed. Damaged cables can also introduce noise or crackling sounds.
Best For:
Vocalists and instrumentalists who don’t need to move far from their spots.
Small to medium-sized venues where mobility isn’t a primary concern.
Performances on a budget or where reliability is crucial.
Popular Wired Mic Choice: The Shure SM58 is a classic wired microphone known for its durability and sound quality. It’s a staple in live performances due to its robust build and clear vocal output.
- Wireless Microphones
Wireless microphones offer the freedom to move around without being limited by a cable. This flexibility can enhance stage presence and allow performers to interact more dynamically with the audience.
Advantages:
Greater Freedom of Movement: Wireless mics eliminate the physical constraints of a cable, allowing performers to move freely across the stage. This is ideal for singers, presenters, or performers who incorporate dance or movement into their acts.
Cleaner Stage Setup: Without cables running across the stage, the setup looks neater and more professional. This reduces the risk of tripping and can make the stage safer, especially during high-energy performances.
Versatile Microphone Types: Wireless systems are available for a variety of mic types, including
Points to Consider When Choosing a Vocal Microphone
- Audio Transparency
- Importance of neutral, natural sound reproduction without coloration.
- Frequency-Independent Directionality
- Consistent pickup pattern across all frequencies for uniform sound capture.
- Easy to EQ
- Microphones that respond well to equalization adjustments, allowing tailored sound shaping.
- High Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Handling
- Ability to capture loud sources without distortion, ideal for powerful vocalists.
- Clarity
- Ensures the microphone can accurately reproduce detailed vocal nuances.
- Intelligibility
- Focuses on how well the mic captures clear, understandable vocals, especially for speech.
- Good Grip and Ergonomics
- Comfortable to hold during performances, reducing hand fatigue.
- Low Sensitivity to Handling Noise and Vibrations
- Reduces unwanted noise from handling or movement, crucial for handheld use.
- Low Sensitivity to Cable Noise
- Minimizes noise interference from the microphone cable, especially with wired mics.
- Resistant to Feedback
- Designed to prevent feedback, even in challenging live environments.
- No Pop or Wind Noise
- Built-in pop filters or wind protection to reduce noise from breath and wind.
- Rugged Construction and Durable Materials
- Withstands drops, rough handling, and stage wear and tear.
- Impervious to Rain and Humidity
- Suitable for outdoor performances, unaffected by moisture and weather conditions.
- Cabled or Wireless Flexibility
- Offers both wired and wireless options based on your mobility needs.
- Haptic Feedback
- Provides physical feedback to the performer, aiding in confident mic control.
Frequently Asked Questions:
1. How to choose which microphone to use?
Choosing the right microphone depends on several factors: the type of performance (live or studio), the sound source (vocals, instrument, or ambient), and the environment (indoors or outdoors). Consider the microphone’s type (dynamic, condenser, or ribbon), its pickup pattern (cardioid, omnidirectional, bidirectional), and sensitivity. For live vocals, dynamic mics like the Shure SM58 are popular. For studio recording, condenser mics like the Neumann U87 are preferred for their sensitivity and clarity.
2. What microphones do artists use on stage?
The most commonly used microphones by artists on stage include:
- Shure SM58: Known for its durability and warm vocal sound.
- Sennheiser e935: Popular for its clarity and feedback rejection.
- Audio-Technica AE6100: Favored for its crisp, clear vocal reproduction.
- Many artists also use wireless versions of these mics for mobility, especially in larger venues.
3. What type of microphone do rock singers typically use on stage?
Rock singers typically use dynamic microphones, such as the Shure SM58 or Sennheiser e935. These mics are preferred because they can handle high sound pressure levels (SPL) from loud vocals and instruments. Dynamic mics are also durable and less sensitive to feedback, making them ideal for the loud, energetic environments of rock performances.
4. What mic is used on stage?
On stage, the most commonly used microphones are:
- Dynamic handheld mics (e.g., Shure SM58) for vocals.
- Instrument mics (e.g., Shure SM57) for amplifiers and drums.
- Boundary mics for theater and choir performances.
- Wireless headset mics for performers who need to move freely.
5. How to determine the quality of a microphone?
The quality of a microphone can be assessed by its frequency response, sensitivity, build quality, and signal-to-noise ratio. High-quality microphones offer a flat or tailored frequency response, low self-noise, high SPL handling, and rugged construction. Testing the mic in your specific environment and application is also a good way to judge its quality.
6. What are the 4 main types of microphones we use?
The four main types of microphones are:
- Dynamic Microphones: Durable, handle high SPL, great for live performances.
- Condenser Microphones: Sensitive, wide frequency range, best for studio recordings.
- Ribbon Microphones: Smooth, natural sound, often used for vintage or delicate recordings.
- Lavalier Microphones: Small, clip-on mics used for presentations and broadcasts.
7. What is the 3 to 1 rule for placing microphones?
The 3 to 1 rule is used to minimize phase interference when using multiple microphones. It states that the distance between two microphones should be at least three times the distance between each microphone and its sound source. For example, if a mic is 1 foot away from a sound source, the second mic should be placed at least 3 feet away.
8. What type of mic is best for vocals?
For live vocals, dynamic microphones like the Shure SM58 or Sennheiser e935 are best due to their durability and resistance to feedback. For studio vocals, condenser microphones like the Neumann U87 or Audio-Technica AT4050 are preferred for their sensitivity and clear sound reproduction.
9. How do you use a mic on stage?
To use a mic on stage effectively:
- Hold the microphone close to your mouth (about 1-2 inches away) for consistent sound.
- Avoid covering the grille, as this can distort the sound and reduce clarity.
- Use proper microphone technique, such as backing away slightly when singing louder to avoid distortion.
- Position the mic away from speakers to reduce the risk of feedback.
10. What mic does Justin Bieber use on stage?
Justin Bieber is known to use a Sennheiser wireless microphone, specifically models like the Sennheiser SKM 9000 or Sennheiser e935 for live performances. These microphones provide high-quality vocal clarity and reliable wireless performance.
11. What is a stage mic called?
A stage mic is commonly referred to as a handheld vocal microphone when used by singers, or a boundary mic when used for theater and large area sound pickup. Other types include instrument mics, headset mics, and lapel (lavalier) mics for specific applications.
12. How do you hold a stage mic?
Hold a stage mic by its handle, just below the grille. Avoid cupping the grille as it can affect the microphone’s polar pattern, leading to muffled sound and increased feedback. For optimal control and sound quality, keep the mic angled slightly upward toward your mouth.
13. What type of microphone is best for voice acting?
For voice acting, a large-diaphragm condenser microphone is typically the best choice. Popular options include the Neumann U87, Rode NT1-A, and Audio-Technica AT2020. These microphones capture a wide frequency range and provide detailed, clear audio, making them ideal for vocal recordings in a controlled studio environment.
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